Notes
1. The best introduction to the circus is
George Speaight, A History of the Circus
(London: Tantivy Press, 1980).
2. See A.H. Saxon, Enter Foot and Horse:
A History of Hippodrama in England and
France (New Haven, Ct: Yale U.P., 1968),
and "The Circus as Theatre: Astley's and
its Actors in the Age of Romanticism,
"Educational Theatre Journal 27 (1975),
299-312.
3. See Diana Howard, London Theatres and
Music Halls 1850-1950 (London: The
Library Association, 1970), p. 15.
4. Hard Times, Book 1, chapter 3.
5. Hard Times, Book 3, chapter 7.
6. A.H. Saxon, The Life and Art of Andrew
Ducrow and the Romantic Age of the
English Circus (Hamden, CT: Archon,
1978), p. 179.
7. "Astley's" Sketches by Boz (Oxford:
Oxford U.P., 1957), p. 104.
8. Charles Dickens, The Letters of Charles
Dickens, ed. Walter Dexter (Bloomsbury:
Nonesuch, 1938), vol. 3, p. 439.
9. British Library playbills collection no.
173.
10. See Dewey Ganzel, "Patent Wrongs and
Patent Theatres: Drama and the Law in
the Early Nineteenth Century". PMLA 76
(1961), 384-96.
11. Saxon, Ducrow, p. 114 ff and 323 ff.
12. See Joseph W. Donohue's: Theatre in the
Age of Kean (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1975), pp. 46-50.
13. The terms are Donohue's: Theatre in the
Age of Kean, pp. 180-81.
14. For a fuller discussion of Crummies and
of Sleary, see my Dickens and Popular
Entertainment (London: George Allen
Unwin, 1985; with alterations, 1988),
chapters 3 and 5.
15. J. Hillis Miller, Charles Dickens: The
World of His Novels (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard U.P., 1958), p. 90.
16. See Peter Brooks, The Melodramatic
Imagination: Balzac, Henry James,
Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess
(New Haven, CT: Yale U.P., 1976)
17. Michael Slater, "Introduction",
Nicholas Nickleby (Hamrmondsworth:
Penguin, 1978), p. 15.
18. "Dullborogh Town", The Uncommercial
Traveller (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1958),
pp. 120-21.
19. See Edwin M. Eigner, The Dickens
Pantomime (Berkeley/Los Angeles, Ca:
California U.P., 1989).
20. Charles Dickens, The Speeches of
Charles Dickens (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1960), p. 316.
21. "A Curious Dance Round a Curious
Tree", Household Words 4 (1852), 385-
89, and "Lying Awake", Household
Words 6 (1852), 145-48.
22. John Forster, The Life of Charles
Dickens, ed. J.W.T. Ley (London:
Cecil Palmer, 1928), p. 88.
23. Prefaces to Bleak House (1853),
Nicholas Nickleby (1839), and Oliver
Twist (1841).
24. Forster, Life of Dickens, pp. 727-28.
25. Speeches, p. 230.
26. Oliver Twist, chapter 17.
27. "The Amusements of the People",
Household Words 1 (1850), 13-15, 57-
60.
28. Speeches, p. 262.
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